Ngokwengxelo yophando yoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, inani labaguli be-myopia e-China lafikelela kwi-600 yezigidi ngo-2018, kwaye izinga le-myopia phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo libekwe kwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni.I-China iye yaba lelona lizwe likhulu kwihlabathi eline-myopia.Ngokwedatha yobalo luka-2021, izinga le-myopia libalelwa kwisiqingatha sabemi belizwe.Ngenani elikhulu kangaka labantu be-myopia, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ngokwesayensi kudume ulwazi lobuchwephesha olunxulumene ne-myopia.
Inkqubo ye-myopia
Eyona pathogenesis ye-myopia ayikacaci okwangoku.Ukuyibeka ngokulula, asazi ukuba kutheni i-myopia yenzeka.
Izinto ezinxulumene ne-myopia
Ngokophando lwezonyango kunye ne-Optometry, ukwenzeka kwe-myopia kuchatshazelwa yizinto ezininzi ezifana nemfuza kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye kunokunxulumana nezi zinto zilandelayo.
1. I-Myopia inotyekelo oluthile lwemfuza.Njengoko uphando kwimiba yemfuza ye-myopia iba nzulu ngakumbi nangakumbi, ngakumbi i-myopia ye-pathological inembali yentsapho, ngoku iqinisekisiwe ukuba i-myopia ye-pathological sisifo sofuzo semfuza enye, kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu yi-autosomal recessive ilifa..I-myopia elula okwangoku izuzwe kwizinto ezininzi, kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo ezidlala indima enkulu.
2. Ngokwemeko yendalo esingqongileyo, izinto ezinjengokufunda ngokusondeleyo ixesha elide, ukukhanya okungonelanga, ixesha elide lokufunda, ukubhala ngesandla okungacacanga okanye okuncinci kakhulu, ukuhlala kakubi, ukungondleki, ukuncitshiswa kwemisebenzi yangaphandle, kunye nokwanda kwenqanaba lemfundo kunokunxulumana ukuphuhliswa kwe-myopia.ezinxulumene nesehlo.
Umahluko wokuhlelwa kwe-myopia
Kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-myopia, ngenxa yokuba unobangela wokuqala, unobangela wokungaqheleki kwe-refractive, iqondo le-myopia, ubude bexesha le-myopia, ukuzinza, kunye nokuba ulungelelwaniso lubandakanyekayo lunokusetyenziswa zonke njengeenqobo zokuhlela.
1. Ngokwenqanaba le-myopia:
I-myopia ephantsi:ngaphantsi kwe-300 degrees (≤-3.00 D).
I-myopia ephakathi:300 degrees ukuya 600 degrees (-3.00 D~-6.00 D).
I-Myopia:ngaphezulu kwama-600 degrees (>-6.00 D) (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-pathological myopia)
2. Ngokolwakhiwo lwe-refractive (isizathu esithe ngqo):
(1) I-myopia engapheliyo,eyi-myopia ebangelwa ukwanda kwamandla okuhlaziya i-eyeball ngenxa yezinto ezingaqhelekanga ze-eyeball refractive components okanye indibaniselwano engaqhelekanga yamacandelo ngelixa ubude be-axial beso buqhelekileyo.Olu hlobo lwe-myopia lunokuba lwexeshana okanye lusisigxina.
I-refractive myopia inokwahlulwa ibe yi-curvature myopia kunye ne-refractive index myopia.Eyangaphambili ibangelwa ikakhulu kukugoba okugqithisileyo kwe-cornea okanye i-lens, njengezigulane ezine-keratoconus, i-lens spherical okanye i-lens encinci;le yokugqibela ibangelwa yi-refractive index egqithisileyo ye-aqueous humor kunye ne-lens, njenge-cataract ephambili, izigulane zokudumba komzimba kwe-iris-ciliary.
(2) Axial myopia:Iphinde yahlulwe ibe yi-non-plastic axial myopia kunye ne-plastic axial myopia.I-non-plastic axial myopia ithetha ukuba amandla okuhlaziya iso aqhelekileyo, kodwa ubude be-axis yangaphambili kunye ne-posterior ye-eyeball idlula uluhlu oluqhelekileyo.Ukunyuka kwe-1mm nganye kwi-eyeball axis ilingana nokunyuka kwama-300 degrees of myopia.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-diopter ye-axial myopia ingaphantsi kwama-600 degrees of myopia.Emva kokuba i-diopter ye-partial axial myopia inyuke ukuya kuma-degrees angama-600, ubude be-axial beso buqhubeka bukhula.I-myopia diopter inokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-1000 degrees, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ide ifikelele kwi-2000 degrees.Olu hlobo lwe-myopia lubizwa ngokuba yi-myopia ephezulu eqhubekayo okanye i-myopia ekhubazekileyo.
Amehlo aneenguqu ezahlukeneyo ze-pathological ezifana ne-myopia ephezulu, kwaye umbono awukwazi ukulungiswa ngokwanelisayo.Olu hlobo lwe-myopia lunembali yosapho kwaye lunxulumene nofuzo.Kusekho ithemba lokulawula kunye nokubuyisela ebuntwaneni, kodwa kungekhona njengomntu omdala.
I-Plastiki axial myopia ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-plastic true myopia.Izizathu, ezifana nokungabikho kwamavithamini kunye nokulandelela izinto ngexesha lokukhula kunye nophuhliso kunokubangela i-myopia, kunye ne-myopia ebangelwa yi-ophthalmia okanye izifo zomzimba.Iphinde yahlulwe ibe yi-plastic temporary pseudomyopia, i-plastic intermediate myopia kunye ne-plastic axial myopia.
(a) IPseudomyopia yexeshana yeplastiki:Olu hlobo lwe-myopia luthatha ixesha elifutshane ukubunjwa kune-plastic temporary pseudomyopia.Olu hlobo lwe-myopia, njenge-pseudomyopia yendawo yokuhlala, lunokubuyela kumbono oqhelekileyo ngexesha elifutshane.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-myopia zifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubuyisela.Iimpawu zeplastiki ye-pseudomyopia yesikhashana: xa izinto zilungiswa, umbono uphucula;xa kuvela izinto ezintsha, i-myopia iyaqhubeka ikhula.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho uluhlu lweplastiki ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-300 degrees.
(b) I-Plastiki ephakathi kwe-myopia:I-acuity ebonakalayo ayiphuculi emva kokulungisa izinto, kwaye akukho myopia yeplastiki yenyani eyandisa i-axis ebonakalayo.
(c) Plastic axial myopia:Xa i-plastic pseudomyopia kuhlobo lwe-axial myopia ikhula ibe yi-plastic myopia yokwenyani, kuba nzima ngakumbi ukubuyisela umbono.Uqeqesho lwe-Myopia recovery 1+1 lusetyenziswa, kwaye isantya sokubuyisela sihamba kancinci.Ifuna Ixesha nalo lide kakhulu.
(3) I-myopia edibeneyo:Iintlobo ezimbini zokuqala ze-myopia zihlala kunye
3. Ukuhlelwa ngokwenkqubela phambili yesifo kunye notshintsho lwe-pathological
(1) I-myopia elula:Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-myopia yolutsha, luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-myopia.Iimeko zemfuza azikacaci.Ikakhulu inxulumene nomthwalo obonakalayo ophezulu ngexesha lokufikisa kunye nophuhliso.Ngobudala kunye nophuhliso lomzimba, kwiminyaka ethile, kuya kuthanda ukuzinza.Izinga le-myopia liphantsi okanye liphakathi, i-myopia iqhubela phambili kancinane, kwaye umbono ochanekileyo ulungile.
(3) I-Pathological myopia:Ikwaziwa njenge-progressive myopia, ubukhulu becala inemiba yemfuza.I-Myopia iyaqhubeka ijula, iqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokufikisa, kwaye i-eyeball isakhula nasemva kweminyaka engama-20. Umsebenzi obonakalayo uphazamiseka kakhulu, ubonakaliswe ngokungaphantsi komgama oqhelekileyo kunye nombono osondeleyo, kunye nentsimi ebonakalayo engaqhelekanga kunye nokuqonda okungafaniyo.Ukukhatshwa ziingxaki ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-retinal kwipali engasemva kweso, i-myopic arc spots, i-macular hemorrhage, kunye ne-posterior scleral staphyloma, isifo siqhubela phambili kwaye sikhula;impembelelo yokulungiswa kombono imbi kumanqanaba okugqibela.
4.Ukuhlelwa ngokuhambelana nokuba kukho nawaphi na amandla ohlengahlengiso abandakanyekayo.
(1) IPseudomyopia:Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-myopia yokuhlala, ibangelwa ngumsebenzi osondeleyo wexesha elide, ukwanda komthwalo obonakalayo, ukungakwazi ukuphumla, ukuxinana kwendawo yokuhlala okanye i-spasm yokuhlala.I-Myopia inokunyamalala ngamayeza okwandisa abafundi.Nangona kunjalo, kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba olu hlobo lwe-myopia linqanaba lokuqala lokwenzeka kwe-myopia kunye nophuhliso.
(2) I-myopia yokwenene:Emva kokusebenzisa i-cycloplegic agents kunye nezinye iziyobisi, i-myopia degree ayinciphi okanye iqondo le-myopia liyancipha ngaphantsi kwe-0.50D.
(3) I-myopia edibeneyo:ibhekisela kwi-diopter ye-myopia eye yancitshiswa emva kokusebenzisa iziyobisi ze-cycloplegic kunye nolunye unyango, kodwa i-emmetropic state ayikabuyiswa.
I-myopia eyinyani okanye yobuxoki ichazwa ngokusekelwe ekubeni uhlengahlengiso lubandakanyekayo.Amehlo ayakwazi ukusondeza ngokwawo ukusuka kude ukuya kwizinto ezikufutshane, kwaye obu buchule bokusondeza buxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kohlengahlengiso lwamehlo.Indawo yokuhlala engaqhelekanga yamehlo yahlulahlulwe ngakumbi ibe: indawo yokuhlala yethutyana pseudomyopia kunye neyokuhlala yokwenyani myopia.
I-pseudomyopia yesikhashana yokuhlala, umbono uphucula emva kwe-mydriasis, kwaye umbono uphucula emva kokuphumla kwamehlo ixesha elithile.Kwindawo yokuhlala ephakathi kwe-myopia, i-acuity ebonakalayo emva kokuhlanjululwa ayikwazi ukufikelela kwi-5.0, i-axis yamehlo iyinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye i-periphery ye-eyeball ayikwandiswanga ngokwe-anatomically.Kuphela ngokunyusa idigri ye-myopia ngokufanelekileyo inokufezekiswa i-acuity ebonakalayo ye-5.0.
Indawo yokuhlala yokwenene myopia.Ibhekisa kukusilela kwepseudomyopia yendawo yokuhlala ukuba ibuyiswe kwakhona ngexesha.Le meko ihlala ixesha elide, kwaye i-axis yamehlo yandiswa ukuze ihambelane nale ndawo yombono ekufutshane.
Emva kokuba ubude be-axial beliso bude, imisipha ye-ciliary yeso ikhululekile kwaye i-convexity ye-lens ibuyela ngokuqhelekileyo.I-Myopia igqibe inkqubo entsha yendaleko.Ubude be-axial nganye beliso bandiswa nge-1mm.I-Myopia inzulu ngama-300 degrees.I-myopia yokwenyani yokulala yenziwa.Olu hlobo lwe-myopia yokwenyani lwahluke kakhulu kwi-axial true myopia.Olu hlobo lwe-myopia yokwenyani lukwanethuba lokubuyisela umbono.
Ukongezwa kuhlelo lwe-myopia
Kufuneka sazi apha ukuba i-pseudomyopia ayikho yonyango "myopia" kuba le "myopia" ingaba khona nakubani na, nakweyiphi na imeko ephikisayo, kwaye nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye amehlo aya kudinwa.I-myopia enyamalala emva kokuba abafundi behlanjululwe yipseudomyopia, kwaye i-myopia ekhoyo yi-myopia yokwenyani.
I-Axial myopia ihlelwa ngokusekelwe kwisizathu sokungaqhelekanga kwimidiya ye-refractive ngaphakathi kweso.
Ukuba iliso liyi-emmetropic, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-refractive kwiliso zivele zikhuphe ukukhanya kwi-retina.Kubantu abane-emmetropic, amandla e-refractive ewonke amajelo ahlukeneyo e-refractive kwiso kunye nomgama (i-axis yamehlo) ukusuka kwi-cornea ephambi kweliso ukuya kwi-retina ngasemva ihambelana ngqo.
Ukuba amandla apheleleyo e-refractive makhulu kakhulu okanye umgama umde kakhulu, ukukhanya kuya kuwa phambi kwe-retina xa kujongeka kude, okuyi-myopia.I-Myopia ebangelwa ngamandla aphezulu e-refractive yi-refractive myopia (ebangelwa yi-corneal abnormalities, i-lens abnormalities, i-cataracts, isifo seswekile, njl.) uninzi lwabantu lunayo) ).
Uninzi lwabantu luhlakulela i-myopia ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.Abanye bazalwa bene-myopia, abanye bane-myopic ebusheni, kwaye abanye baba yimyopic ebudaleni.Ngokwexesha le-myopia, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-myopia yokuzalwa (i-myopia iyazalwa), i-myopia yokuqala (ngaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-14), i-myopia yokufika kade (iminyaka eyi-16 ukuya kwe-18 ubudala), kunye ne-myopia yokufika kade umntu omdala).
Kukho kwakhona ukuba i-diopter iya kutshintsha emva kokuba i-myopia ikhula.Ukuba i-diopter ayitshintshi iminyaka engaphezu kwemibini, izinzile.Ukuba i-diopter ihlala ixesha elide kwiminyaka emibini, iqhubela phambili.
Isishwankathelo sokuhlelwa kwe-myopia
Kwiinkalo zonyango lwe-ophthalmology kunye ne-optometry, kukho ezinye iindidi ezininzi ze-myopia, esingayi kuzisa ngenxa yobuchule be-microscopic.Kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-myopia, ezingangqubaniyo.Babonisa nje ubunzima kunye nokungaqiniseki kwendlela yokwenzeka kwe-myopia kunye nophuhliso.Kufuneka sichaze kwaye sahlule iindidi ze-myopia kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Ingxaki ye-myopia yomntu ngamnye wethu we-myopic kufuneka ibe lisebe lecandelo le-myopia ehambelanayo.Ngokungathandabuzekiyo akukho nzululwazi ukuthetha ngothintelo lwe-myopia kunye nolawulo kungakhathaliseki ukuhlelwa kwe-myopia.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-24-2023