Ngokwengxelo yophando eyenziwe yi-World Health Organisation, inani lezigulana ezine-myopia eTshayina lifikelele kwizigidi ezingama-600 ngo-2018, kwaye izinga le-myopia phakathi kolutsha libekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. I-China iye yaba lelona lizwe likhulu kwihlabathi eline-myopia. Ngokwedatha yobalo lwabantu luka-2021, izinga le-myopia limalunga nesiqingatha sabemi belizwe. Njengoko inani elikhulu kangaka labantu abane-myopia linabantu abaninzi kangaka, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza ulwazi lwabo lobuchwephesha olunxulumene ne-myopia luthandwe ngokwesayensi.
Indlela yokusebenza kwe-myopia
Imvelaphi echanekileyo ye-myopia ayikacaci okwangoku. Ngamafutshane, asazi ukuba kutheni i-myopia isenzeka.
Izinto ezinxulumene ne-myopia
Ngokophando lwezonyango kunye nolwe-optometry, ukwenzeka kwe-myopia kuchaphazeleka zizinto ezininzi ezifana ne-genetics kunye nendawo engqongileyo, kwaye kunokunxulunyaniswa nezi zinto zilandelayo.
1. I-Myopia inesimo esithile semfuza. Njengoko uphando ngezinto zemfuza ze-myopia lusiba nzulu ngakumbi, ingakumbi i-myopia ye-pathological inembali yosapho, okwangoku kuqinisekiswa ukuba i-myopia ye-pathological sisifo semfuza esinye, kwaye esona sixhaphakileyo yi-autosomal recessive inheritance. . I-simple myopia ngoku izuzwe njengelifa kwizinto ezininzi, kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo ezidlala indima enkulu.
2. Ngokuphathelele izinto ezingqongileyo, izinto ezinje ngokufunda kufutshane ixesha elide, ukukhanya okwaneleyo, ixesha elide lokufunda, ukubhala ngesandla okungacacanga okanye okuncinci kakhulu, ukuma okungalunganga kokuhlala, ukungondleki kakuhle, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi yangaphandle, kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lemfundo zinokunxulunyaniswa nophuhliso lwe-myopia.
Umahluko wokwahlulwa kwe-myopia
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlulwa kwe-myopia, kuba unobangela wokuqala, unobangela weengxaki zokujonga ulusu, ubungakanani be-myopia, ubude be-myopia, uzinzo, kunye nokuba uhlengahlengiso lubandakanyeka na zonke ezi zinto zingasetyenziswa njengeekhrayitheriya zokwahlulwa.
1. Ngokwezinga le-myopia:
I-myopia ephantsi:ngaphantsi kwama-degrees angama-300 (≤-3.00 D).
I-myopia ephakathi:Iidigri ezingama-300 ukuya kuma-600 degrees (-3.00 D~ -6.00 D).
I-Myopia:iqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu kwama-600 degrees (>-6.00 D) (elikwabizwa ngokuba yi-pathological myopia)
2. Ngokwesakhiwo sokuchasana (imbangela ethe ngqo):
(1) I-refractive myopia,oku kukubona i-myopia ebangelwa kukwanda kwamandla okujika kwebhola yeliso ngenxa yezinto ezingaqhelekanga zokujika kwebhola yeliso okanye indibaniselwano engaqhelekanga yezinto ngelixa ubude be-axial yeliso buqhelekile. Olu hlobo lwe-myopia lunokuba lolwexeshana okanye oluhlala luhleli.
I-refractive myopia inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-curvature myopia kunye ne-refractive index myopia. Eyokuqala ibangelwa kukugoba okugqithisileyo kwe-cornea okanye ilensi, njengabaguli abane-keratoconus, ilensi engqukuva okanye ilensi encinci; eyesibini ibangelwa kukugoba okugqithisileyo kwe-refractive index ye-aqueous humor kunye nelensi, njenge-primary cataract, izigulana ezinesifo sokuvuvukala komzimba we-iris-ciliary.
(2) I-Axial myopia:Yahlulwe ngakumbi yaba yi-axial myopia engeyiyo iplastiki kunye ne-axial myopia yeplastiki. I-axial myopia engeyiyo iplastiki ithetha ukuba amandla okujika kweliso aqhelekile, kodwa ubude be-anterior kunye ne-posterior axis ye-eyeball idlula uluhlu oluqhelekileyo. Ukunyuka ngakunye kwe-1mm kwi-eyeball axis kufana nokunyuka kwama-300 degrees e-myopia. Ngokubanzi, i-diopter ye-axial myopia ingaphantsi kwama-600 degrees e-myopia. Emva kokuba i-diopter ye-partial axial myopia inyuke ukuya kuma-600 degrees, ubude be-axial beliso buyaqhubeka nokwanda. I-myopia diopter inokufikelela kuma-degree angaphezu kwe-1000, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ifikelela kuma-degree angama-2000. Olu hlobo lwe-myopia lubizwa ngokuba yi-progressive high myopia okanye i-deformed myopia.
Amehlo aneenguqu ezahlukeneyo zezifo ezifana ne-myopia ephezulu, kwaye umbono awunakulungiswa ngokwanelisayo. Olu hlobo lwe-myopia lunembali yosapho kwaye lunxulumene nemfuza. Kusekho ithemba lolawulo kunye nokuchacha ebuntwaneni, kodwa kungekhona njengomntu omdala.
I-plastic axial myopia ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-plastic true myopia. Izizathu, ezinje ngokunqongophala kweevithamini kunye nee-trace elements ngexesha lokukhula nophuhliso zinokubangela i-myopia, kunye ne-myopia ebangelwa yi-ophthalmia okanye izifo zomzimba. Yahlulwe ngakumbi kwi-plastic temporary pseudomyopia, i-plastic intermediate myopia kunye ne-plastic axial myopia.
(a) I-Plastiki ye-pseudomyopia yexeshana:Olu hlobo lwe-myopia luthatha ixesha elifutshane ukwakheka kune-plastic temporary pseudomyopia. Olu hlobo lwe-myopia, njenge-accommodative temporary pseudomyopia, lunokubuyela kwimbono eqhelekileyo ngexesha elifutshane. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-myopia zifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubuyisela. Iimpawu ze-plastic temporary pseudomyopia: xa izinto zilungiswa, umbono uyaphucuka; xa kuvela izinto ezintsha, i-myopia iyaqhubeka nokuba nzulu. Ngokubanzi, kukho uludwe lwe-plasticity oluqala kwi-25 ukuya kwi-300 degrees.
(b) I-myopia ephakathi yeplastiki:Ubukhali bokubona abuphucuki emva kokulungisa izinto, kwaye akukho myopia yokwenyani yeplastiki eyandisa i-axis yokubona.
(c) I-axial myopia yeplastiki:Xa i-pseudomyopia yeplastiki kwi-axial myopia ikhula ibe yi-plastic true myopia, kuba nzima ngakumbi ukubuyisela umbono. Kusetyenziswa inkonzo yoqeqesho lokubuyisela i-myopia 1+1, kwaye isantya sokubuyisela sicotha. Ifuna ixesha elide kakhulu.
(3) I-compound myopia:iintlobo ezimbini zokuqala ze-myopia zihlala kunye
3. Uhlu ngokwenkqubela phambili yesifo kunye notshintsho lwesifo
(1) I-myopia elula:Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-juvenile myopia, luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-myopia. Izinto ezibangela imfuza azikacaci. Inxulumene kakhulu nomthwalo wokubona ophezulu ngexesha lokufikisa nokukhula. Ngokukhula nophuhliso lomzimba, kwiminyaka ethile, kuya kuhlala kuzinzile. Ubungakanani be-myopia buhlala buphantsi okanye buphakathi, i-myopia iyaqhubeka kancinci, kwaye umbono olungisiweyo ulungile.
(3) I-myopia yesifo:Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-progressive myopia, ikakhulu ineempawu zemfuza. I-Myopia iyaqhubeka nokukhula, ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokufikisa, kwaye i-eyeball isakhula nasemva kweminyaka engama-20. Umsebenzi wokubona uyaphazamiseka kakhulu, ubonakaliswa kumgama ongaphantsi koqhelekileyo kunye nombono okufutshane, kunye nokungavisisani okungaqhelekanga kwendawo yokubona kunye nokungafani. Ihamba neengxaki ezifana nokuwohloka kwe-retinal kwi-posterior pole yeliso, amabala e-myopic arc, i-macular hemorrhage, kunye ne-posterior scleral staphyloma, esi sifo siya sikhula kwaye sikhule; isiphumo sokulungiswa kombono asibi kakhulu kwizigaba zokugqibela.
4. Ukwahlulahlula ngokwendlela apho kukho na amandla okulungisa abandakanyekayo.
(1) I-Pseudomyopia:Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-accommodative myopia, ibangelwa kukusebenza kufutshane ixesha elide, umthwalo obonakalayo owongezelelekileyo, ukungakwazi ukuphumla, uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo okanye ukuxinana okuhambelanayo. I-Myopia inokuphela ngamayeza okwandisa abafundi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi kukholelwa ukuba olu hlobo lwe-myopia linqanaba lokuqala lokuvela nokukhula kwe-myopia.
(2) I-myopia yokwenyani:Emva kokusebenzisa ii-cycloplegic agents kunye nezinye iziyobisi, i-myopia degree ayinciphisi okanye i-myopia degree yehla ngaphantsi kwe-0.50D.
(3) I-myopia exutyiweyo:libhekisa kwi-diopter ye-myopia eye yancitshiswa emva kokusebenzisa amayeza e-cycloplegic kunye nolunye unyango, kodwa imeko ye-emmetropic ayikabuyiselwa.
I-myopia yokwenyani okanye yobuxoki ichazwa ngokusekelwe ekubeni kukho uhlengahlengiso na. Amehlo anokuzisondeza ngokwawo ukusuka kwizinto ezikude ukuya kwezikufutshane, kwaye olu buchule bokuzisondeza buxhomekeke kumsebenzi wohlengahlengiso wamehlo. Umsebenzi ongaqhelekanga wokuhlala kwamehlo wahlulwe ngakumbi kwi: i-accommodative temporary pseudomyopia kunye ne-accommodative true myopia.
I-accommodative temporary pseudomyopia, umbono uyaphucuka emva kwe-mydriasis, kwaye umbono uyaphucuka emva kokuba amehlo ephumle ixesha elithile. Kwi-accommodative intermediate myopia, ukubona okubonakalayo emva kokwanda akunakufikelela kwi-5.0, i-axis yeliso iqhelekile, kwaye umngcelele we-eyeball ayolulwa ngokwe-anatomiki. Kuphela ngokunyusa i-myopia degree ngokufanelekileyo apho ukubona okubonakalayo kwe-5.0 kungafezekiswa.
I-Accommodative true myopia. Ibhekisa ekungafumaneki kwe-accommodative pseudomyopia ngexesha. Le meko ihlala ixesha elide, kwaye i-eye axis iyandiswa ukuze ivumelane nale meko ikufutshane nembono.
Emva kokuba ubude be-axial yeliso bude, izihlunu ze-ciliary zeliso ziyakhululeka kwaye ukugungqa kwelensi kubuyela kwisiqhelo. I-Myopia igqibile inkqubo entsha yokuzivelela. Ubude be-axial nganye yeliso buyandiswa nge-1mm. I-Myopia ijula ngama-300 degrees. I-myopia yokwenyani evumela indawo ivele. Olu hlobo lwe-myopia yokwenyani lwahlukile kakhulu kwi-myopia yokwenyani ye-axial. Olu hlobo lwe-myopia yokwenyani lukwanethuba lokubuyela ekuboneni.
Isongezelelo kwisigaba se-myopia
Kufuneka sazi apha ukuba i-pseudomyopia ayisiyo "myopia" yezonyango kuba le "myopia" inokubakho nakubani na, nakweyiphi na imeko yokurhawuzelela, nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye amehlo aya kudinwa. I-myopia enyamalala emva kokuba abafundi bevuleke yi-pseudomyopia, kwaye i-myopia esekhoyo yi-myopia yokwenyani.
I-Axial myopia ihlelwa ngokwesizathu seengxaki kwi-refractive media ngaphakathi kweliso.
Ukuba iliso liyi-emmetropic, iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-refractive media eziselisweni zijika nje ukukhanya ziye kwi-retina. Kubantu abakwi-emmetropic, amandla apheleleyo e-refractive media ahlukeneyo aselisweni kunye nomgama (i-eye axis) ukusuka kwi-cornea engaphambili kweliso ukuya kwi-retina engasemva ziyafana ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukuba amandla okukhanya apheleleyo makhulu kakhulu okanye umgama mde kakhulu, ukukhanya kuya kuwa phambi kwe-retina xa ujonge kude, oko kukuthi i-myopia. I-Myopia ebangelwa ngamandla aphezulu okukhanya yi-refractive myopia (ebangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-cornea, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwelensi, i-cataracts, isifo seswekile, njl.njl.), kunye ne-axial myopia ebangelwa kukwandiswa kobude be-axial ye-eyeball ngaphaya kwe-emmetropic state (uhlobo lwe-myopia abantu abaninzi abanalo)).
Uninzi lwabantu lufumana i-myopia ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Abanye bazalwa bene-myopia, abanye bane-myopic xa besebancinci, kwaye abanye baba ne-myopic xa bebadala. Ngokwexesha le-myopia, inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-congenital myopia (i-myopia iyazalwa), i-myopia eqala kwangethuba (ngaphantsi kweminyaka eli-14 ubudala), i-myopia eqala kade (iminyaka eli-16 ukuya kweli-18 ubudala), kunye ne-myopia eqala kade (emva kokuba bebadala).
Kukwakho nokuba i-diopter iya kutshintsha na emva kokuba i-myopia iphuhlile. Ukuba i-diopter ayitshintshi kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwemibini, izinzile. Ukuba i-diopter ihlala ixesha elide kwiminyaka emibini, iyaphucuka.
Isishwankathelo sokuhlelwa kwe-myopia
Kwimiba yezonyango zamehlo kunye ne-optometry, kukho ezinye iindlela ezininzi zokwahlulwa kwe-myopia, esingenakuzisebenzisa ngenxa yobuchule be-microscope. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlulwa kwe-myopia, ezingangqubaniyo. Zibonisa nje ubunzima kunye nokungaqiniseki kwendlela yokwenzeka kunye nophuhliso lwe-myopia. Kufuneka sichaze kwaye sahlule iindidi ze-myopia kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Ingxaki ye-myopia yomntu ngamnye wethu one-myopia kufuneka ibe licandelo le-myopia ehambelanayo. Akunakuphikiswana ngesayensi ukuthetha ngokuthintela nokulawula i-myopia nokuba i-myopia ihlelwe njani.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-24-2023