Ukubona kuquka iinkalo ezininzi, ezifana nobukhali bokubona, ukubona imibala, ukubona okucacileyo, kunye nombono wesimo. Okwangoku, iilensi ezahlukeneyo ezingagxiliyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseni i-myopia kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo, zifuna ukurhawuzelelwa ngokuchanekileyo. Kule ngxaki, siza kwazisa ngokufutshane ukuchaneka kokulungiswa kwe-myopia kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo, sigxile kwinqanaba elincinci lombono ongcono kumyalelo wokurhawuzelelwa ukuze sincede sikhethe efanelekileyo.i-opticaliilensi.
Umgangatho ophantsi wombono ongcono kufuneka uhlalutywe ngononophelo ukuze kuchongwe ukuba kufanelekile na ukulungisa umbono ube yi-1.5 kwaye nini kufanelekile na ukulungisa umbono ongaphantsi kwe-1.5. Oku kubandakanya ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iimeko ezifuna ukurhawuzelelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zeziphi iimeko ezinokunyamezela ukulungiswa okungaphantsi. Inkcazo yombono ongcono nayo kufuneka icaciswe.
Ukuchaza iikhrayitheriya zemigangatho yobuchule bokubona
Ngokwesiqhelo, xa abantu bethetha ngobuchule bokubona, babhekisa kwimbono yesimo, okukuko ukukwazi kwamehlo ukwahlula izinto zangaphandle. Kwimisebenzi yeklinikhi, ubuchule bokubona buvavanywa kakhulu kusetyenziswa itshathi yobuchule bokubona. Ngaphambili, iitshathi eziphambili ezazisetyenziswa yayiyitshathi ye-visual acuity esemgangathweni yamazwe ngamazwe okanye itshathi ye-decimal visual acuity. Okwangoku, itshathi ye-visual acuity enobumba be-logarithmic isetyenziswa rhoqo, ngelixa imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo inokufuna itshathi ye-visual acuity yohlobo lwe-C. Nokuba loluphi uhlobo lwetshathi esetyenzisiweyo, ubuchule bokubona buhlala buvavanywa ukusuka kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-1.5, kunye netshathi ye-logarithmic visual acuity ukusuka kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-2.0.
Xa iliso libona ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.0, lithathwa njengobuchule obuqhelekileyo bokubona. Nangona uninzi lwabantu lubona ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.0, kukho ipesenti encinci yabantu abanokudlula eli nqanaba. Inani elincinci kakhulu labantu linokubona ngokucacileyo njenge-2.0, uphando olwenziwe kwiilabhoratri lubonisa ukuba ubuchule bokubona obungcono bunokufikelela kwi-3.0. Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lweklinikhi ludla ngokuthatha i-1.0 njengobuchule obuqhelekileyo bokubona, obubizwa ngokuba bumbono oqhelekileyo.
1 Umgama wokulinganisa
I-'Standard Logarithmic Visual Acuity Chart' ichaza ukuba umgama wovavanyo ziimitha ezi-5.
2 Indawo yoVavanyo
Itshathi yokukhanya okubonakalayo kufuneka ixhonywe kwindawo ekhanyiswe kakuhle, ukuphakama kwayo kuhambelane ukuze umgca ophawulwe ngo-'0' kwitshathi ube kwinqanaba elifanayo namehlo omntu ohlolwayo. Umntu ohlolwayo kufuneka abekwe kwiimitha ezi-5 ukusuka kwitshathi, ajonge kude nomthombo wokukhanya ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhanya okuthe ngqo ukungena emehlweni.
3 Indlela yokulinganisa
Iliso ngalinye kufuneka livavanywe ngokwahlukeneyo, kuqalwe ngeliso lasekunene kulandele iliso lasekhohlo. Xa kuvavanywa iliso elinye, elinye iliso kufuneka ligqunywe ngezinto ezingacacanga ngaphandle kokufaka uxinzelelo. Ukuba umntu ovavanywayo unokufunda kuphela ukuya kumgca wesi-6 ngokucacileyo, kubhalwa njengo-4.6 (0.4); ukuba banokufunda umgca wesi-7 ngokucacileyo, kubhalwa njengo-4.7 (0.5), njalo njalo.
Umgca omncinci wobuchule bokubona obunokubonwa ngumvavanyi kufuneka uqatshelwe (ubuchule bokubona bomvavanyi buqinisekiswa ukuba bufikelela kwelo xabiso xa inani lee-optotypes ezichongiweyo ngokuchanekileyo lidlula isiqingatha senani lilonke lee-optotypes kumqolo ohambelanayo). Ixabiso laloo mgca lirekhodwa njengobuchule bokubona belo liso.
Ukuba umntu ovavanywayo akakwazi ukubona ngokucacileyo unobumba u-'E' kumgca wokuqala wetshathi ngeliso elinye, kufuneka acelwe ukuba aqhubeke phambili ade akwazi ukulibona kakuhle. Ukuba angalibona kakuhle kwiimitha ezi-4, ubuchule bakhe bokubona buyi-0.08; kwiimitha ezi-3, yi-0.06; kwiimitha ezi-2, yi-0.04; kwimitha e-1, yi-0.02. Ubuchule bokubona obuneliso elinye obuyi-5.0 (1.0) okanye ngaphezulu buthathwa njengobuchule bokubona obuqhelekileyo.
4 Ubudala boMvavanyi
Ngokubanzi, uphuhliso lweliso lomntu oluqala ngokujonga kude luye kwi-emmetropia luze luye kwi-nearbone. Ngokugcina indawo yokuhlala eqhelekileyo, ubuchule bokubona bomntwana obungalungiswanga bumalunga ne-0.5 xa eneminyaka eyi-4-5 ubudala, malunga ne-0.6 xa eneminyaka eyi-6 ubudala, malunga ne-0.7 xa eneminyaka eyi-7 ubudala, kunye malunga ne-0.8 xa eneminyaka eyi-8 ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, imeko yeliso lomntwana ngamnye iyahluka, kwaye izibalo kufuneka zenziwe ngokweeyantlukwano zomntu ngamnye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubuchule bokubona obuneliso elinye obuyi-5.0 (1.0) okanye ngaphezulu buthathwa njengobuchule bokubona obuqhelekileyo. Ubuchule bokubona obuqhelekileyo abumeleli umbono ongcono womvavanyi.
Iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuKhangela kwiiminyaka ezahlukeneyo
1 Ulutsha (iminyaka eyi-6-18 ubudala)
Ingcali ikhankanye oku, "Ukulungiswa okungaphantsi komlinganiselo kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-diopter. Ke ngoko, ulutsha kufuneka lulungiswe ngendlela efanelekileyo."
Iingcali ezininzi zamehlo zazisoloko zibonelela ngemiyalelo ephantsi kancinci, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-undercorrection, xa zisenza uvavanyo lwamehlo kubantwana abanengxaki yokubona amehlo kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo. Babekholelwa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nemiyalelo yokulungisa ngokupheleleyo, imiyalelo yokulungisa amehlo yayilula ukwamkelwa ngabazali, njengoko abazali babengafuni ukuba abantwana babo banxibe iiglasi ezinamandla aphezulu, besoyika ukuba i-diopter iya kwanda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye bexhalabile ukuba ezi glasi ziya kuba yimfuneko esisigxina. Iingcali zamehlo zazikwacinga ukuba ukunxiba iiglasi ezingalungiswanga kakuhle kuya kucothisa ukuqhubela phambili kwe-myopia.
Ukulungiswa okungaphelelanga kwe-myopia kubhekisa ekunxibeni iiglasi ezine-prescription ephantsi kunesiqhelo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulungisweni kobuchule bokubona ngaphantsi kwenqanaba eliqhelekileyo le-1.0 (ngaxeshanye ingafikeleli kwimigangatho efanelekileyo yobuchule bokubona). Umsebenzi wokubona we-binocular wabantwana kunye nabakwishumi elivisayo ukwinqanaba elingazinzanga kwaye umbono ocacileyo uyimfuneko ukugcina uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lomsebenzi wabo wokubona we-binocular.
Ukunxiba iiglasi ezingalungiswanga kakuhle akugcini nje ngokuthintela ukukwazi ukubona izinto ngokucacileyo ebantwaneni nakubantu abakwishumi elivisayo kodwa kukwathintela nophuhliso olusempilweni lokubona. Xa ujonge kufutshane nezinto, kusetyenziswa amandla amancinci okuhlala kunye nokuhlangana okufana nokuqhelekileyo, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kokubona kwe-binocular ngokuhamba kwexesha, okubangela ukudinwa kokubona, kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuqhubela phambili kwe-myopia.
Abantwana akufuneki banxibe iiglasi ezilungisiweyo ngokufanelekileyo kuphela, kodwa nokuba ukusebenza kwabo okubonakalayo akulunganga, banokufuna uqeqesho lokubona ukuze baphucule amandla abo okujolisa amehlo ukuze banciphise ukudinwa kwamehlo kwaye banciphise ukuqhubela phambili kwe-myopia ebangelwa kukusebenza okungaqhelekanga kokujolisa amehlo. Oku kunceda abantwana bafumane umgangatho ocacileyo, okhululekileyo, nohlala uhleli wokubona.
Abantu abadala abancinci aba-2 (abaneminyaka eli-19-40 ubudala)
Ngokwethiyori, amanqanaba e-myopia kweli qela leminyaka azinzile, kwaye ahamba kancinci. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeemeko zendalo, abantu abachitha ixesha elide besebenzisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki bathambekele ekwandiseni amanqanaba abo e-myopia. Ngokomgaqo, eyona nto iphambili ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukufumana umbono ofanelekileyo, kodwa uhlengahlengiso lunokwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwintuthuzelo yabathengi kunye neemfuno zabo zokubona.
Amanqaku ekufuneka aqatshelwe:
(1) Ukuba kukho ukunyuka okukhulu kwe-diopter ngexesha lovavanyo lwamehlo, ukunyuka kokuqala kwe-prescription akufanele kudlule kwi-1.00D. Nika ingqalelo kwiimpawu zokungonwabi ezifana nokuhamba, ukujika komphezulu womhlaba, isiyezi, ukucaca kokubona kufutshane, ukuqaqamba kwamehlo, ukujika kwezikrini zezixhobo ze-elektroniki, njl. Ukuba ezi mpawu ziyaqhubeka emva kokunxiba iiglasi imizuzu emi-5, cinga ngokunciphisa i-prescription de ibe ntle.
(2) Kubantu abanemisebenzi efunekayo kakhulu efana nokuqhuba okanye ukubukela iintetho, kwaye ukuba umthengi ukhululekile ngokulungiswa ngokupheleleyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba basebenzise ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo. Ukuba kukho ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki, cinga ngokusebenzisa iilensi zedijithali.
(3) Kwimeko apho i-myopia iba mandundu ngequbuliso, qaphela amathuba okufumana i-spasm (pseudo-myopia). Ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwamehlo, qinisekisa ukuba kukho amayeza aphantsi afunekayo ukuze ubone kakuhle emehlweni omabini, uphephe ukulungisa ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuba kukho iingxaki zokubona okubi okanye okungazinzanga, cinga ngokwenza uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lokusebenza kakuhle.
3 Abantu abadala (abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu)
Ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla okuhlala kwamehlo, eli qela leminyaka lidla ngokuba ne-presbyopia. Ngaphandle kokugxila kunyango lokujonga umgama, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kulungiso lombono okufutshane xa unika iiglasi kweli qela leminyaka kwaye uqwalasele ukulungelelaniswa komthengi notshintsho kunyango.
Amanqaku ekufuneka aqatshelwe:
(1) Ukuba abantu bavakalelwa kukuba amayeza abo akhoyo awanelanga kwaye bafuna ukubona umgama omde, emva kokuqinisekisa amayeza abo okubona umgama omde, kubalulekile ukujonga umbono okufutshane. Ukuba kukho iimpawu zokudinwa kokubona okanye ukwehla kombono okufutshane ngenxa yokuncipha kokukwazi kwabo ukuhlala, cinga ngokunika amayeza amabini ee-lens eziqhubekekayo.
(2) Ukuziqhelanisa neemeko kuphantsi kweli qela leminyaka. Qinisekisa ukuba ukunyuka ngakunye kwemithi yokujonga kufutshane akudluli kwi -1.00D. Ukuba ukungakhululeki kuyaqhubeka emva kokunxiba iiglasi imizuzu emi-5, cinga ngokunciphisa imithi yokujonga kufutshane ide ikhululeke.
(3) Kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-60 ubudala, kunokubakho amazinga ahlukeneyo e-cataracts. Ukuba kukho ukuphambuka kwindlela echanekileyo yokubona (<0.5), krokrela ukuba umthengi unokuba ne-cataracts. Uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha esibhedlele luyimfuneko ukuze kuthintelwe impembelelo yezifo zamehlo.
Impembelelo yoMsebenzi woMbono weBinocular
Siyazi ukuba iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuvavanyo lwamehlo zibonisa imeko yokubona ngamehlo ngelo xesha, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukubona kakuhle kumgama wovavanyo. Kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla eqhelekileyo, xa kufuneka sibone izinto kumgama owahlukileyo, sifuna ukulungiswa kunye nokwahlukana kokudibana (ukubandakanyeka komsebenzi wokubona nge-binocular). Nangona amandla afanayo okubona ngamehlo, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi wokubona nge-binocular zifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa.
Singenza lula izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezibonakalayo kwiibhinocular zibe ziindidi ezintathu:
1 Ukuphambuka kwamehlo - I-Exophoria
Izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezifanayo kumsebenzi wokubona nge-binocular zinokubandakanya: ukungalingani ngokwaneleyo, ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo, kunye ne-simple exophoria.
Umgaqo weemeko ezinjalo kukusebenzisa ukulungiswa okwaneleyo kunye nokongeza kulo ngoqeqesho lokubona ukuphucula amandla okuhlangana kwamehlo omabini kunye nokunciphisa ukudinwa kokubona okubangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kombono we-binocular.
2 Ukuphambuka kwamehlo - I-Esophoria
Izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezifanayo kumsebenzi wokubona ngeliso le-binocular zinokubandakanya: ukuhlangana okugqithisileyo, ukungafani okwaneleyo, kunye nokubonakala kobuso obulula.
Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umgaqo kukuqwalasela ukulungiswa okungaphelelanga ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukubona okwaneleyo. Ukuba imisebenzi yokujonga kufutshane ixhaphakile, iilensi zedijithali zingasetyenziswa. Ukongeza, ukongeza kuqeqesho lokubona ukuphucula amandla okuhlukana kwamehlo omabini kunokunceda ukunciphisa ukudinwa kokubona okubangelwa kukungasebenzi kakuhle kokubona nge-binocular.
3 Izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwindawo yokuhlala
Ikakhulu ziquka: Ukungoneli kwendawo yokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala egqithisileyo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwendawo yokuhlala.
1 Indawo yokuhlala enganeleyo
Ukuba yi-myopia, kuphephe ukulungiswa ngokugqithisileyo, beka phambili intuthuzelo, kwaye ucinge ngokulungiswa okungaphelelanga ngokusekelwe kwimeko yokunxiba kwesilingo; ukuba yi-hyperopia, zama ukulungisa ngokupheleleyo iresiphi ye-hyperopic kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukucaca.
2 Indawo yokuhlala egqithisileyo
Kwi-myopia, ukuba ilensi esezantsi engalunganga yokujonga kakuhle ayinakunyamezelwa, cinga ngokulungiswa okungachanekanga, ingakumbi kubantu abadala abasebenza ixesha elide kufutshane nomsebenzi. Ukuba yi-hyperopia, zama ukulungisa ngokupheleleyo umyalelo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukucaca.
3 Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwendawo yokuhlala
Kwi-myopia, ukuba ilensi esezantsi engalunganga ejikeleze amehlo ayinakunyamezelwa, cinga ngokulungiswa okungachanekanga. Ukuba yi-hyperopia, zama ukulungisa ngokupheleleyo umyalelo weyeza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukucaca.
Ukuququmbela
WXa kufikwa kwimigaqo ye-optometri, kufuneka siqwalasele uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto. Ngelixa sijonga ubudala, kufuneka siqwalasele nomsebenzi wombono we-binocular. Kakade ke, kukho iimeko ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-strabismus, i-amblyopia, kunye ne-anisometropia yokuhombisa ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokwahlukileyo. Phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ukufumana umbono ongcono kubeka umngeni kwizakhono zobugcisa zogqirha ngamnye wamehlo. Sikholelwa ukuba ngokufunda okungakumbi, ugqirha ngamnye wamehlo unokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo kwaye anike idatha echanekileyo kagqirha.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-04-2024